BOABC监测2018/19年度全球粮食面积和产量出现下滑,2019/20出现回升受到不利天气和市场价格偏低的影响,欧洲、澳洲主要粮食生产国产量下降明显,对全球产产的明显的影响,小麦、大麦产量尤为明显;支持全球谷物的价格的回升,另外,特朗普对世界主要国家发起的贸易战也对世界总需求产生压制,也影响全球的粮食生产。当前的全球谷物价格依然出现低位水平,2019年全球的生产恢复依然困难。1.1 全球谷物总体情况:谷物生产方面根据BOABC监测2018/19年度,全球谷物总面积为7.65亿公顷,较上年下降0.78%;产量为28.92亿吨(其中稻谷未折合成成大米),较上年分别下降1.02%。连续两年出现下降。 当前世界谷物价格有所回升,但是总体价格依然处于低位,2019/20年度粮食播种可能继续下滑,全球粮食播种面积7.65亿公顷,同上年相比下降0.05%,产量为29.17亿吨,较上年回升0.86%,春季以来的不利天气条件和全球价格回落导致的世界粮食生产的下滑。按照过去5年世界主要国家生产发展趋势,预计2025全球谷物播种面积7.59亿公顷,产量到达31.34亿吨。到2030年世界面积7.63亿公顷,产量34.60亿吨。2.2 小麦方面2018年全球播种面积为2.09亿公顷,较上年下降1.61%,产量7.11亿吨,较上年下降3.68%,降幅超过先期预计。全球小麦播种面积连续4年出现下滑。产量连续两年明显的下滑,为四年来的低位水平,支持值世界小麦的价格的回升。从静态趋势分析来看,到2025年全球小麦播种面积为2.02亿公顷,总产在7.18亿吨。到2030年,全球面积2.03亿公顷,产量7.32亿吨。世界各国加强粮食生产生产必须加强,如果世界粮食供应仅仅高纬度地区提供,一旦遇到低温和干旱灾害,世界口粮供应价格出现大幅波动,将会诱导世界社会不稳定性因素爆发,引发地区经济与社会危机,这是历史上和当今世界强国高度重视粮食稳定的关键。当前欧洲的黄马甲运行一定程度上涨在于当前的农业生产下滑的负面影响的结果。2.3 玉米方面,2018年全球的玉米的面积为1.68公顷,较上年回升0.37%;全球产10.41亿吨,回升2.55%;单产的回升对手全球玉米产量的贡献较为明显。2019年,受到玉米价格的回升的支持,全球玉米播种面积进一步回升,为1.70亿公顷,较上年提高1.24%;产量10.65亿吨,较上年增长2.4%。中国玉米生产回升对世界产量产生明显支持。按照过去5年全球主要国家生产发展趋势测算,到2025年世界玉米的播种面积为1.78亿公顷,总产达到12.47亿吨。到2030年面积为1.96亿公顷,产量1.56亿吨,玉米成为全球发展最快的粮食作物,生产能力强带来的玉米播种的面积的不断增长。2.4 稻谷方面,2018年全球稻谷播种面积1.6137亿公顷,较上年减少0.16%,稻谷产量7.54亿吨,折合大米产量5.13亿吨,较上年产量增长1.63%。鉴于当前的大米价格水平的偏低,全球大米将会继续下滑。预计2019/20年度播种面积为1.6063亿公顷,较上年下降0.46%,稻谷产量7.55亿吨,折合大米产量5.13亿吨。如果按照过去5年发展趋势,到2025年全球稻谷播种面积为1.57亿公顷,总产8.17亿吨,折合大米产量5.55亿吨。到2030年全球面积为1.55亿公顷,稻谷产量9.91亿吨,折合大米产量为6.74亿吨,世界将会有更多人口以大米作为主食。5. 谷类杂粮方面,2018年度全球谷类杂粮总面积2.27亿公顷,较上年下降1.28%,产量3.87亿吨,较上年下降9.53%,上年杂粮生产大幅上涨,超过需求对本年度生产产生抑制,带来面积和产量的下滑。6 大麦方面受到2017年以来价格明显上涨,2018年全球播种面积和产量增长,面积为4731万公顷,下降3.09%,产量1.30亿吨,下降4.38%。欧洲地区、澳洲不利影响的大麦生产。受到大麦价格回升的影响,2019/20年度大麦种植面积有所回升,为4799万公顷,播种面积回升1.44%;产量为1.28亿吨,较上年下降1.35%。按照5年生产发展趋势来看,到2025年全球大麦面积4857万公顷,产量1.17亿吨;到2030年,大麦维持在4852万公顷的水平,产量为1.079亿吨,单产水平的较低和政府和企业在大麦生产确实应有的政策支持的产量出现下滑。7大豆方面,2018年全球大豆的面积和产量分别为1.22亿公顷和3.48亿吨,较上年分别增长2.30%和5.18%,美洲转基因大豆的生产优势导致大豆生产扩大。转基因玉米、大豆生产的扩张,说明的科学是第一生产力的论断。预计2019年度全球大豆播种的面积为1.23亿公顷,产量达到3.53亿吨。从静态角度来看,到2025年全球大豆面积达到1.36亿公顷,产量达到4.08亿吨;到2030年大豆的播种面积将会达到1.60亿公顷,产量的达到4.92亿吨,大豆成为名符其实的主要粮食作物。表1全球谷物与豆类产量,单位:百万吨小麦玉米大米杂粮大麦谷物大豆2012/13671.5877.9499.7312.8136.02362.0263.12013/14715.91018.1503.8326.2142.02564.1283.12014/15699.91013.7506.4369.9134.92590.0310.82015/16719.2962.5502.7381.2139.92565.6301.62016/17748.21053.2512.7384.8142.62698.9339.62017/18738.41014.6504.5427.3135.72684.9330.72018/19711.21040.5512.8386.6129.82651.1347.82019/20710.81065.5513.5385.8128.02675.6353.3表2 全球谷物豆类面积单位:百万公顷面积小麦玉米稻谷杂粮大麦谷物大豆2012/13217.63179.22162.94208.8349.50768.62110.642013/14219.05185.12165.16209.8746.41779.20113.262014/15217.18177.14164.87219.7245.97778.91117.372015/16217.07169.91161.83225.7948.55774.61118.942016/17216.18172.96161.03220.8949.28771.08122.412017/18212.50167.65161.63229.6048.82771.38119.332018/19209.08168.27161.37226.6647.31765.38122.072019/20207.64170.36160.63226.3447.99764.97123.00表3全球主要国家的粮食生产预测,2019/20,(2018.12)2017/182018/192019/20项目产量单产面积产量单产面积产量单产面积单位000MTKG/HA000HA000MTKG/HA000HA000MTKG/HA000HA世界谷物产量2,922,2963,788771,3792,892,3993,779765,3802,917,2603,814764,970中国553,3275,98292,501548,2875,95092,155556,9146,00292,783孟加拉国55,6964,51312,34256,3164,53812,41056,7544,57612,402印度297,2412,866103,709298,0662,894102,994299,0092,881103,774印尼103,4235,65618,284104,5935,78018,097107,8505,93018,187哈萨克斯坦19,9631,41914,06622,1481,59213,90923,3241,71913,567缅甸30,6373,7878,08931,5683,7008,53331,6973,7138,537巴基斯坦43,0513,20513,43245,2503,33313,57847,2883,47213,618菲律宾28,0873,2048,76728,6793,1509,10329,3123,0809,516泰国41,7393,06913,59841,5393,05613,59041,5443,06413,561越南53,0085,6929,31253,9715,7409,40354,9745,8059,470埃及20,9986,8783,05320,5056,8043,01420,1756,7193,003尼日利亚38,5862,05518,77441,3352,11019,58645,0902,25120,027加拿大59,6864,56913,06258,6024,55712,86157,2524,64412,330墨西哥32,9973,7548,79132,9483,8238,61832,9603,9228,403美国437,4068,15753,623448,2548,55352,411451,1628,82551,124阿根廷90,2466,82313,22690,0906,72513,39691,6826,87113,344巴西122,8205,90020,817135,2346,03922,394137,7976,05122,771法国62,7786,9659,01360,6246,7878,93259,8996,7958,815德国46,8487,6836,09834,8405,7886,02032,9695,5645,926波兰30,0134,0227,46228,8873,8847,43829,0173,9027,437俄罗斯135,6583,45639,252107,1262,69139,807112,2582,82339,765乌克兰61,9484,35314,23170,3294,90814,33068,7334,87314,105澳大利亚28,5841,89715,07222,3501,64213,61422,5771,63613,799其他527,5582,070254,804510,8582,050249,186507,0222,039248,707注:总产(1)中包括稻谷,未脱壳;产量(2)中包括大米产量,稻谷出米率为68%表4 全球主要国家的小麦生产,2019/20,(2018.12)年度2017/182018/192019/20项目产量单产面积产量单产面积产量单产面积单位000MTKG/HA000HA000MTKG/HA000HA000MTKG/HA000HA全球738,3603,475212,498711,1663,401209,081710,8203,423207,637中国131,5825,47824,020128,6805,40823,795129,5925,44123,819印度98,6543,11931,62895,7072,99331,98194,5692,97131,828哈萨克斯坦13,8071,3859,97015,0681,5749,57615,4441,7079,048巴基斯坦26,8172,9609,05926,2862,9338,96226,7282,9639,019伊朗14,1731,8547,64514,1351,8517,63613,6191,7537,769加拿大29,8593,7937,87131,9433,9997,98831,1174,1037,584美国47,4423,13815,11751,4543,44514,93550,6583,52414,375阿根廷17,6733,1255,65619,4653,2076,07017,4062,8586,090法国38,8657,2705,34636,0276,7975,30136,6416,7175,455德国24,6577,6483,22419,5186,3713,06319,9216,7292,960意大利5,3462,7571,9394,9672,5461,9514,6072,3491,961波兰11,0224,7882,3029,9294,2222,35210,0664,1962,399俄罗斯85,6963,22226,59870,3352,70126,03871,5332,68726,619乌克兰26,9064,2706,30125,6214,1446,18226,3294,3026,120土耳其20,9302,7187,69920,0952,5957,74319,7672,5527,745澳大利亚19,6021,52812,82716,7891,54010,90415,4901,49210,384其他125,3283,55135,296125,1473,61734,604127,3333,69534,459表5 全球主要国家的水稻谷生产,2019/20,(2018.12)年度2017/182018/192019/20项目总产单产面积总产单产面积总产单产面积单位000MTKG/HA000HA000MTKG/HA000HA000MTKG/HA000HA全球741,9654,591161,625754,0904,607161,373755,1394,633160,631中国204,9766,76430,305201,6436,81629,583198,7206,83729,064孟加拉国43,8523,86011,36151,7144,29512,04151,8984,28912,101印度164,9183,87642,551163,2763,83442,588165,8723,91942,324印尼74,0445,59513,23477,4035,58613,85778,8465,68513,870日本11,0998,1011,37011,2278,4251,33311,3578,8321,286缅甸26,2963,6717,16326,7783,7237,19326,4033,7017,133巴基斯坦11,1093,4553,21511,8613,4453,44312,2933,4213,594菲律宾18,7024,0204,65217,9293,8314,68018,1513,8434,722泰国31,5542,79111,30432,9442,80111,76034,0882,78312,247柬埔寨9,2692,9653,1269,4762,9623,1999,6722,9553,273越南41,7385,4177,70442,8245,5647,69742,9115,5757,697尼日利亚5,3791,7823,0185,4021,7613,0685,5811,7523,186美国8,31510,18581610,20511,96685311,16212,795872巴西11,4785,7172,00811,4885,9321,93711,4536,1451,864其他79,2374,00219,79779,9214,40518,14276,7334,41117,397表6 全球主要国家的玉米生产,2019/20,(2018.12)年度2017/182018/192019/20项目总产单产面积总产单产面积总产单产面积单位000MTKG/HA000HA0000MTKG/HA000HA0000MTKG/HA000HA全球1,014,6266,052167,6521,040,5426,184168,2661,065,5316,255170,359中国206,1145,95834,596207,2085,89735,138218,2016,03436,164印度24,0272,5949,26124,4502,6059,38524,7202,6409,365印尼21,1935,9833,54221,6236,2333,46922,1926,5593,384菲律宾8,1332,6633,0558,2872,6723,1018,3032,6483,136南非13,8005,3722,56911,9884,8952,44912,5975,3332,362墨西哥28,2143,6577,71526,7983,5787,49027,7753,6677,574美国371,06110,90834,017371,11810,99233,763367,60210,99433,436巴西85,5715,11916,71794,2685,42917,36398,2365,49617,874阿根廷44,7978,2965,40048,7178,5135,72353,6038,9635,980法国13,11110,0261,30811,5689,3271,24011,7739,6901,215乌克兰25,1415,5514,52940,0618,0474,97842,9858,5705,016其他173,4623,86044,944174,4553,95044,165177,5443,95844,853表7 全球主要国家的谷类杂粮生产,2019/20,(2018.12)年度2017/182018/192019/20项目总产单产面积总产单产面积总产单产面积单位000MTKG/HA000HA000MTKG/HA000HA000MTKG/HA000HA全球427,345 1,861 229,604 386,602 1,706 226,660 389,3871,720226,344中国10,655 2,976 3,580 10,757 2,956 3,639 10,4012,7843,736印度9,642 476 20,269 14,634 769 19,040 13,84868420,256尼日利亚22,708 2,151 10,559 25,017 2,184 11,454 28,5402,40711,858加拿大6,330 2,471 2,562 4,006 1,692 2,367 4,1971,7952,338墨西哥2,206 3,934 561 3,697 5,889 628 2,8858,114356美国10,587 2,883 3,673 15,476 5,410 2,861 21,7408,9102,440法国10,737 4,589 2,340 12,972 5,470 2,371 11,4305,3802,125德国17,807 7,595 2,344 11,055 4,567 2,421 8,7563,6192,419西班牙8,521 3,544 2,404 8,736 3,363 2,597 7,4932,9792,516土耳其15,854 6,685 2,372 16,698 7,471 2,235 16,3337,8512,080波兰14,883 3,408 4,367 15,631 3,698 4,227 15,7163,8204,114俄罗斯36,893 3,740 9,865 23,702 2,204 10,756 27,4432,74110,011乌克兰9,717 2,878 3,376 4,458 1,418 3,144 2,8379642,943其他250,803 1,555 161,333 219,764 1,383 158,920 217,7671,368159,152表8 全球主要国家的大麦生产,2019/20,(2018.12)年度2017/182018/192019/20项目总产单产面积总产单产面积总产单产面积单位000MTKG/HA000HA000MTKG/HA000HA000MTKG/HA000HA全球135,6992,78048,817129,7592,74347,309128,0082,66747,991中国1,6944,0624171,7444,1344221,7424,211414哈萨克斯坦3,1931,2562,5413,2001,2222,6193,2091,1822,715加拿大4,9622,1712,2865,7002,4572,3194,9142,1542,282美国3,0922,6731,1573,3312,9261,1383,0742,7351,124阿根廷2,0923,6395751,5993,3564761,2373,112398保加利亚4833,5401364643,6011294423,675120法国12,0436,3221,90511,1296,3611,75011,4176,4311,775德国10,7777,0891,5209,9816,4081,5589,8566,3771,546匈牙利1,0214,0572521,0494,0722581,1184,067275意大利2,0476,4673172,0866,4613232,1336,454331英国4,1264,9038424,0114,8618254,1304,858850俄罗斯20,5332,2119,28619,3252,1249,09719,7362,1938,999乌克兰8,3482,4043,4738,5413,0472,8047,9242,6023,046澳大利亚9,4332,5413,7137,1862,0323,5366,9992,0193,467其他51,8562,54220,39950,4122,51420,05650,0752,42520,650表9 全球主要国家的大豆生产,2019/20,(2018.12)年度2017/182018/192019/20项目总产单产面积总产单产面积总产单产面积单位000MTKG/HA000HA000MTKG/HA000HA000MTKG/HA000HA全球339619277412241333067327711193283478082849122070中国129351796720214601184579141640618628811印度1155310091145010536994106021199598712150印尼98290110901133941120412188901368南非12391383896139613661022164113961176加拿大653529842190771227342821813927222990美国116423335234728119539334735718124661360434592阿根廷563212924192633696627181360042306277415252巴西112608330934036116841342834084118347350633760俄罗斯314014412180358012562851401914722730乌克兰412220202041405319562072429825361695其他137601875733914315192474401477819597545-BOBty官网